Sr. Executive Director
Acts as the primary community liaison, enhancing the Red Cross's visibility and fostering strong relationships with key stakeholders
Focuses on developing and managing volunteer leadership and chapter boards to mobilize community support and resources for mission goals
Informs regional leadership on community needs and perceptions, ensuring effective communication of Red Cross programs and initiatives
About the Company
Joining The American Red Cross is like nothing else—it’s as much something you feel as something you do. You become a vital part of the world’s largest humanitarian network. Joining a team of welcoming individuals who are exceptional, yet unassuming. Diverse, yet uncompromising in unity. You grow your career within a movement that matters, where success is measured in people helped, communities made whole, and individuals equipped to never stop changing lives and situations for the better.
When you choose to be a force for good, you’ll have mentors who empower your growth along a purposeful career path. You align your life’s work with an ongoing mission that’s bigger than all of us. As you care for others, you’re cared for with competitive compensation and benefits. You join a community that respects who you are away from work as much as what you do while at work.
About the Job
This position is responsible for supporting region-led mission capacity building, informing the regional leadership team of community needs and perceptions, and strengthening relationships across all elements of the community by communicating the American Red Cross programs, capabilities and opportunities for community involvement.
Reporting to the Regional Chief Executive Officer, the position serves as the primary liaison to the community supported by Community Volunteer Leaders and the Chapter Board. This position works alongside the volunteers and employees assigned to deliver mission fulfillment in the Region and Chapter and is a member of the Region Leadership Team.
Responsibilities
Serves as the Face of the Red Cross to maximize Red Cross presence and connectivity in the community and expand the community’s awareness of the breadth of the Red Cross contribution to the community
Manages a portfolio of strategic relationships with local elected officials and key community leaders and stakeholders with specific outcomes defined jointly by the Regional Executive and the Executive Director. This includes local elected government officials, legislators, and those with potential to collaborate with the Red Cross on volunteer recruitment and engagement, the disaster cycle (prepare, respond, recovery), Service to the Armed Forces, Training Services, and/or Biomedical Services as determined by the region. Conveys information and fosters increased awareness across the community of the full extent of Red Cross service delivery in a manner as to deepen the connectivity and commitment to the Red Cross as a primary partner, meriting community support
Develops sustained community relationships to ensure capacity to achieve region mission goals
Revenue: ED to lead the chapter in supporting achievement of region revenue target, including support of Sound the Alarm events/STA fundraising target achievement (as applicable) and board member external solicitation goals; and meets assigned individual fundraising target by cultivating strong United Way relationships (as applicable), meeting annual chapter board member giving campaign, and maintaining a small number of key donor accounts as defined by the Regional Executive
Mission Capacity Building: Supports achievement of the region volunteer engagement goals, blood collection goals, and community engagement mission goals by identifying and stewarding specific strategic relationships in the community and serving as a connector for internal stakeholders for these activities. Leverages the board mission capacity committee, biomed committee, diversity committee, and community volunteer leaders to meet established goals
Develops and manages the chapter board to effectively mobilize support and resources around the Red Cross mission. The chapter board must meet all published board guidance for board membership, committees, and member engagement in the mission (has all required committees; board engagement plan completed for all board members using template provided; board members understand board member giving expectations and personally meet board member give and solicitation expectations)
Develops, leads, and manages community volunteer leaders who are responsible for serving as the Face of the Red Cross in assigned territories; supporting mission capacity building by developing key community partnerships
Influences to create an environment of teamwork and inclusion to effectively deliver against the Red Cross mission by ensuring that information flow is facilitated. The Executive Director informs the regional team, as well as volunteers and staff assigned to the chapter area, of community needs and communicates the American Red Cross programs and capacity needs to the community
Serves as a member of the Elected Officials Liaison Network supporting disaster responses in the chapter area, regional area and nationally. May be asked to deploy to disasters outside the chapter jurisdiction for up to 2 weeks
Qualifications
Education: Four-year college degree (BS/BA) in Business, Communications, Marketing, Public Relations, Finance or non-profit administration or equivalent experience required. Prefer Master’s degree in the field of community organization, public or business administration or non-profit management
Experience: Minimum of 7 years related experience. Demonstrated ability to exercise good and timely judgment in complex situations. Demonstrated ability for strong communications and influencing skills along with public speaking and writing. Demonstrated ability to develop and implement fundraising strategies. Demonstrated ability to build sustain community relationships/partnerships Proven experience in influencing others and building relationships
Management Experience: Minimum 1 year- related management/supervisory experience preferred. Experience working in an environment requiring flexibility and managing change
Executive Director
Drives the American Red Cross mission by providing strategic leadership, overseeing program delivery, and ensuring the effective implementation of services
Develops fundraising strategies to secure financial resources, cultivates strong relationships with donors, and represents the Red Cross in public forums
Ensures operational efficiency, manages budgets and resources effectively, and fosters a culture of collaboration to maximize the impact of initiatives
Overview
The Executive Director for the Piedmont Triad Chapter of the American Red Cross is a critical leadership role responsible for guiding the organization's humanitarian mission within the Greensboro, North Carolina region. This position requires a strategic and passionate leader who can effectively manage fundraising, program delivery, volunteer engagement, and community partnerships. The Executive Director serves as a key representative of the Red Cross, fostering relationships with diverse stakeholders and ensuring the organization's continued impact in the community.
Key Responsibilities
Strategic Leadership and Mission Advancement:
Develop and implement strategic plans to advance the Red Cross mission within the Piedmont Triad Chapter, aligning with national organizational goals.
Oversee the delivery of Red Cross programs and services, including disaster relief, preparedness training, blood services, and support for military families.
Ensure effective program implementation and evaluate outcomes to maximize community impact.
Fundraising and Development:
Lead fundraising efforts to secure financial resources from individuals, corporations, foundations, and other sources.
Cultivate and maintain relationships with major donors, identifying opportunities for increased support.
Oversee fundraising campaigns and events, ensuring they are successful in meeting financial goals.
Volunteer Engagement and Management:
Recruit, train, and manage a dedicated team of volunteers to support Red Cross programs and services.
Foster a culture of volunteerism and provide opportunities for volunteer development and recognition.
Ensure that volunteers are effectively utilized to meet community needs.
Community Engagement and Partnerships:
Serve as the public face of the Red Cross in the Piedmont Triad region, representing the organization at community events and public forums.
Build and maintain strong relationships with community leaders, government officials, and partner organizations.
Promote awareness of Red Cross programs and services, educating the public about the organization's mission.
Operational Management:
Oversee the day-to-day operations of the Piedmont Triad Chapter, ensuring efficient and effective use of resources.
Manage budgets and financial resources, ensuring fiscal responsibility.
Ensure compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, and organizational policies.
Required Skills and Qualifications
Bachelor's degree required; master's degree preferred.
Significant experience in nonprofit management, fundraising, or related fields.
Proven track record of success in leadership roles.
Strong fundraising and development skills.
Excellent communication, interpersonal, and public speaking skills.
Ability to build and maintain relationships with diverse stakeholders.
Strong organizational and time-management skills.
Knowledge of disaster preparedness and response principles.
Company Culture and Impact
The American Red Cross is a globally recognized humanitarian organization dedicated to saving lives and providing assistance to those in need. The Executive Director plays a crucial role in fulfilling this mission at the local level, ensuring that the Red Cross effectively serves the Piedmont Triad community. This position offers the opportunity to make a meaningful impact on the lives of others and contribute to a vital organization.
Executive Director
Drives the American Red Cross mission by providing strategic leadership, overseeing program delivery, and ensuring the effective implementation of services
Develops fundraising strategies to secure financial resources, cultivates strong relationships with donors, and represents the Red Cross in public forums
Ensures operational efficiency, manages budgets and resources effectively, and fosters a culture of collaboration to maximize the impact of initiatives
Overview
The Executive Director for the American Red Cross in South Carolina is a vital leadership position responsible for driving the organization's mission and impact across the entire state. This role demands a dynamic and strategic leader who can effectively oversee fundraising, program delivery, community engagement, and operational management. The Executive Director serves as the face of the Red Cross in South Carolina, building and nurturing relationships with key stakeholders, including donors, volunteers, government officials, and community partners.
Key Responsibilities
Strategic Leadership and Mission Delivery:
Develop and implement strategic plans to advance the Red Cross mission throughout South Carolina, aligning with national organizational goals.
Oversee the delivery of Red Cross programs and services, ensuring they meet the needs of the community.
Monitor and evaluate program effectiveness, making adjustments as needed to maximize impact.
Fundraising and Development:
Develop and execute fundraising strategies to secure financial resources from individuals, corporations, foundations, and other sources.
Cultivate and maintain relationships with major donors, identifying opportunities for increased support.
Lead fundraising campaigns and events, ensuring they are successful in meeting financial goals.
Community Engagement and Public Relations:
Serve as the public face of the Red Cross in South Carolina, representing the organization at community events and public forums.
Build and maintain strong relationships with community leaders, government officials, and partner organizations.
Promote awareness of Red Cross programs and services, educating the public about the organization's mission.
Operational Management:
Oversee the day-to-day operations of the Red Cross in South Carolina, ensuring efficient and effective use of resources.
Manage budgets and financial resources, ensuring fiscal responsibility.
Ensure compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, and organizational policies.
Volunteer Management:
Build and lead a robust volunteer network, recruiting, training, and managing volunteers to support Red Cross programs and services.
Foster a culture of volunteerism, recognizing and appreciating the contributions of volunteers.
Ensure that volunteers are placed in positions that best utilize their skills.
Required Skills and Qualifications
Bachelor's degree required; master's degree preferred.
Significant experience in nonprofit management, fundraising, or related fields.
Proven track record of success in leadership roles.
Strong fundraising and development skills.
Excellent communication, interpersonal, and public speaking skills.
Ability to build and maintain relationships with diverse stakeholders.
Strong organizational and time-management skills.
Knowledge of disaster preparedness and response principles.
Company Culture and Impact
The American Red Cross is a globally recognized humanitarian organization dedicated to saving lives and providing assistance to those in need. The Executive Director plays a crucial role in fulfilling this mission at the state level, ensuring that the Red Cross effectively serves the communities of South Carolina. This position offers the opportunity to make a meaningful impact on the lives of others and contribute to a vital organization.
Executive Director (GA)
Drives the Red Cross mission in Northwest Georgia, overseeing all programs, fundraising, and volunteer engagement to enhance community resilience
The director cultivates strategic partnerships, manages budgets, and leads a team to deliver effective disaster relief and community services
Represents the Red Cross, builds strong donor relationships, and ensures operational excellence across the region
Overview
The Executive Director for Northwest Georgia is a pivotal leadership role within the American Red Cross, responsible for driving the organization's mission and impact across a defined geographic region. This position focuses on strategic leadership, community engagement, fundraising, and operational oversight to ensure the Red Cross effectively serves the needs of its local communities. The Executive Director acts as a key liaison, building relationships with community leaders, donors, volunteers, and partner organizations.
Key Responsibilities
Strategic Leadership: Develop and implement strategic plans to advance the Red Cross mission in Northwest Georgia. This involves assessing community needs, identifying opportunities for growth, and aligning regional efforts with national organizational goals.
Fundraising and Development: Cultivate and maintain relationships with major donors, corporations, and foundations to secure financial support. Lead fundraising initiatives and campaigns to ensure the region has the resources necessary to deliver critical services.
Community Engagement: Serve as the public face of the Red Cross in Northwest Georgia, building strong relationships with community leaders, government officials, and partner organizations. Represent the organization at public events and promote awareness of Red Cross programs and services.
Volunteer Management: Recruit, train, and manage a dedicated team of volunteers to support Red Cross operations. Foster a culture of volunteerism and ensure volunteers are effectively utilized to meet community needs.
Operational Oversight: Oversee the day-to-day operations of the Red Cross in Northwest Georgia, ensuring efficient and effective delivery of services. Manage budgets, resources, and staff to achieve organizational goals.
Disaster Preparedness and Response: Ensure the region is prepared to respond to disasters and emergencies, coordinating with local authorities and other organizations to provide timely and effective assistance to affected communities.
Required Skills and Qualifications
Bachelor's degree required, Master's degree preferred.
Significant experience in nonprofit management, fundraising, or related fields.
Proven track record of success in leadership roles, with the ability to develop and implement strategic plans.
Strong fundraising and development skills, with experience cultivating and managing donor relationships.
Excellent communication and interpersonal skills, with the ability to build and maintain relationships with diverse stakeholders.
Ability to lead and motivate teams, including staff and volunteers.
Knowledge of disaster preparedness and response principles.
Strong financial acumen.
Company Culture and Impact
The American Red Cross is a globally recognized humanitarian organization dedicated to saving lives and providing assistance to those in need. The Executive Director plays a critical role in fulfilling this mission at the local level, ensuring that the Red Cross effectively serves the communities of Northwest Georgia. This position offers the opportunity to make a meaningful impact on the lives of others and contribute to a vital organization.
Disaster Wrkfc Eng. Mgr.
Drives volunteer recruitment and readiness for disaster response, focusing on building a skilled and diverse workforce in the Hawaiian Islands
Executes engagement strategies, fostering partnerships with community organizations to expand volunteer capacity and enhance disaster preparedness
Provides data tracking and training coordination, and ensures adherence to Red Cross protocols, supporting effective volunteer deployment during emergencies
The American Red Cross in Honolulu, HI, is looking for a Disaster Workforce Engagement Manager to cultivate and guide a team of volunteers prepared to respond to disasters. This role requires a blend of leadership, communication, and organizational skills to effectively manage the volunteer lifecycle.
The Disaster Workforce Engagement Manager will spearhead the recruitment and onboarding of new volunteers, ensuring they have the necessary skills and dedication to support disaster relief operations. This includes developing and implementing recruitment strategies, utilizing various channels to reach potential volunteers, and conducting comprehensive training programs.
Maintaining a vibrant and engaged volunteer base is crucial, and the manager will play a key role in volunteer retention. This involves fostering a positive and supportive environment, recognizing volunteer contributions, and providing opportunities for professional development and leadership growth.
Collaboration with community partners is another essential aspect of this position. By establishing and nurturing relationships with local organizations, businesses, and government agencies, the manager can broaden the scope of volunteer recruitment and strengthen the overall disaster response capabilities of the Red Cross in the Honolulu region.
Data management and reporting are also integral parts of this role. The manager will maintain accurate records of volunteer information, track training progress, and generate reports on volunteer engagement metrics. This data is used to assess the effectiveness of recruitment and retention strategies, and to identify areas for improvement.
Key Responsibilities:
Develop and execute volunteer recruitment strategies.
Oversee the training and onboarding of new volunteers.
Cultivate a positive and supportive volunteer environment to enhance retention.
Build and maintain relationships with community partners.
Manage volunteer data and generate reports on engagement metrics.
The Disaster Workforce Engagement Manager is a vital position within the Red Cross, ensuring the organization has a skilled and committed volunteer workforce ready to respond to disasters and provide essential aid to those affected.
Sr. Policy Advisor
Drives the Mayor's neighborhood revitalization goals, leading cross-functional project implementation and ensuring community impact
Builds strong relationships, facilitates working groups, and implements authentic resident engagement strategies
Oversees project plans, tracks progress, and serves as a key spokesperson, ensuring alignment with mayoral priorities
About the Company
At the City of Atlanta, we are passionate about building and improving our community. Our police officers, firefighters and building inspectors keep our citizens safe. Our Public Works staff keeps our City clean and helps maintain, build and improve our City’s infrastructure. Our City planners help envision and shape future City growth. Our Parks & Recreation professionals enhance our quality of life.
Our engineers help keep our drinking water clean, the largest airport in the world (by passenger volume) operating and our buildings maintained. Along with the host of Finance, Procurement, and Human Resources professionals whose support is vital, we are the City of Atlanta! If you are seeking a meaningful role where you can make a real difference improving and growing our City, we welcome you to explore the job opportunities we have to offer.
About the Job
The Senior Advisor to the Mayor, Community Revitalization, will work to advance the Mayor’s goals for catalytic revitalization of target disinvested neighborhoods across Atlanta. The Senior Advisor is responsible for leading this initiative, including overseeing project implementation, ensuring the progress and completion of capital projects, building community ownership, and managing key stakeholder relationships. The Senior Advisor must be a master facilitator, working collaboratively and swiftly across multiple departments, agencies, and sectors. A key component of the work is supporting the engagement of numerous working groups that focus the efforts of City departments, external agencies, non-profit and philanthropic organizations, development partners, and neighborhood leaders to implement the program in accordance with community goals.
Responsibilities
Lead the implementation of the high-priority, cross-functional place-based neighborhood revitalization strategy
Build an internal organizational framework and approach to strategy implementation that ensures regular, proactive, and strategic integration of broad mayoral priorities, maximizes community impact, and fully integrates racial equity and community inclusion
Guide the design, implementation, and evaluation of cross-functional initiatives involving multiple City departments and agencies, overseeing working groups, developing and approving project plans and project managers, and tracking collaborative progress
Serve as an expert resource for key internal leaders whose departments are critical implementers of strategy components (e.g., Commissioner of City Planning, Commissioner of Transportation, etc.)
Serve as external spokesperson and surrogate for the Mayor and the Chief Policy Officer relating to this work
Oversee a small team responsible for maintaining master project management/ tracking system for all major projects, programs, and initiatives contained within the strategy
Support other high-priority mayoral programs and initiatives as needed by supplying a unique perspective and familiarity with the perspectives of stakeholder served by the team’s initiatives and using it to evaluate other programs and policies
Develop and implement authentic, frequent community and resident engagement strategies, in and surrounding target neighborhoods, in collaboration with key stakeholders
Manage the ongoing implementation of the initiative’s comprehensive communications plan, in collaboration with key stakeholders
Qualifications
Education & Experience:
Undergraduate or equivalent experience in public policy, urban planning, community development, public administration, or related field
10+ years of progressive experience in a related field
Master’s degree in public policy, urban planning, community development, public administration, or related field with 15+ years of progressive experience is preferred
Equivalent professional experience may be considered for substitution for the required degree on an exception basis
Knowledge & Skills:
Expertise in community development, neighborhood revitalization, community engagement, public administration, racial equity, economic mobility, and/or public policy principles
Extensive experience building public policy and/or cross-sector initiatives, especially relating to neighborhood revitalization, racial equity, and/or community development
Demonstrated experience successfully delivering large-scale, complex projects on time and within budget
Demonstrated success in the development, management, and implementation of major, high visibility, high impact strategic projects involving diverse stakeholders and sometimes competing priorities
Adept facilitator and team leader, with the ability to motivate and hold accountable diverse, cross-functional teams
Ability to work collaboratively to arrive at constructive solutions
Strong written and verbal communication skills
Strong and synergistic leadership skills
Policy Director
Drives interagency collaboration to develop and implement policies that improve child well-being across multiple sectors
Builds relationships with key stakeholders, including experts, community leaders, and advocacy groups, to inform policy development and ensure effective program implementation
Oversees the GOC's Policy Team, providing leadership and guidance to staff while ensuring alignment with priorities
About the Company
The Governor's Office for Children serves as a central coordinating office to support the well-being of children and families and reduce the number of children living in poverty, which requires a holistic, coordinated approach within State government and across public and private sectors at the federal, State, and local levels. The Governor's Office for Children will lead statewide efforts to build a comprehensive and efficient network of supports, programs, and services for children and their families in order to promote social and emotional well-being, reduce food insecurity, combat youth homelessness, expand access to health services, improve educational outcomes and job readiness, expand access to good jobs, and increase economic opportunity in sustainable ways in jurisdictions that historically have experienced underinvestment.
The Governor's Office for Children will also work with multi-sector partners to implement place-based strategies designed to provide "cradle to career" access to high quality education and care; connect workers to high quality jobs; enable family-sustaining income and access to affordable high quality housing, child care and health care, including reproductive, maternal, behavioral and mental health care; and increase community health and safety.
About the Job
The Director of Policy will lead policy and implementation efforts designed to improve services and opportunities for children related to early education and care, child welfare, elementary and secondary education, education and training after high school, social and emotional well-being, maternal, infant, and child health, juvenile justice, and community development including issues such as housing, transportation and access to green space. The Director will assist the Special Secretary in re-establishing the Governor’s Office for Children as a coordinating body across state agencies to ensure a holistic approach to improve the well-being of children in Maryland and drive progress toward reducing child poverty in the state.
The Director will play a leadership role in running the Children’s Cabinet, leading inter agency initiatives in line with the Children’s Cabinet priorities, and shaping a state-wide policy agenda to eradicate child poverty in Maryland. This is a hybrid position based in Annapolis and requires flexibility to report to locations in Annapolis, Baltimore, and other areas of the state as needed.
Responsibilities
Lead policy and implementation efforts designed to improve services and opportunities for children related to early education and care, child welfare, elementary and secondary education, education and training after high school, social and emotional well-being, maternal, infant and child health, including behavioral and mental health, juvenile justice and community development
Drive interagency processes with sub-cabinet agency staff to develop and implement ideas and initiatives designed to ensure that all state agencies are maximizing resources in order to promote child well-being and economic mobility
Drive external engagement with key stakeholders working on child well-being, education and health, including local and national experts and key stakeholders. Ensure incorporation of stakeholder input into the development of GOC’s initiatives and programs. Support stakeholder engagement with relevant agency staff to ensure effective implementation of services and programs
Manage the GOC’s Policy Team
Develop effective communication materials related to the Children’s Cabinet, ENOUGH Act, and the Governor’s Office for Children’s policy priorities
Other duties as assigned
Qualifications
Minimum Qualifications
A bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university
At least 5 years of experience in public policy, preferably in a government or political setting
Strong organizational and time management skills with the ability to prioritize tasks and meet deadlines
Excellent written and verbal communication skills
Ability to analyze and interpret data
Strong attention to detail and accuracy
Ability to work independently and as part of a team
Ability to maintain confidentiality and discretion in all matters
Flexibility to work outside of regular business hours, as needed
Preferred Qualifications
Master’s degree
Policy Analyst
Conducts research, develops policy proposals, and drafts policy memos to support the Governor's priorities for improving child well-being
Manages workstreams, supports the Children's Cabinet, and engages with stakeholders to advance policy initiatives
Develops communication materials and engages with community members, parents, and youth on child well-being issues
About the Company
The Governor's Office for Children serves as a central coordinating office to support the well-being of children and families and reduce the number of children living in poverty, which requires a holistic, coordinated approach within State government and across public and private sectors at the federal, State, and local levels. The Governor's Office for Children will lead statewide efforts to build a comprehensive and efficient network of supports, programs, and services for children and their families in order to promote social and emotional well-being, reduce food insecurity, combat youth homelessness, expand access to health services, improve educational outcomes and job readiness, expand access to good jobs, and increase economic opportunity in sustainable ways in jurisdictions that historically have experienced underinvestment.
The Governor's Office for Children will also work with multi-sector partners to implement place-based strategies designed to provide "cradle to career" access to high quality education and care; connect workers to high quality jobs; enable family-sustaining income and access to affordable high quality housing, child care and health care, including reproductive, maternal, behavioral and mental health care; and increase community health and safety.
About the Job
The Policy Analyst must possess the core skills and passion to support the Policy Director and Governor’s Office for Children in its mission to reduce child poverty and increase economic mobility across the State of Maryland. The Policy Analyst will support policy and implementation efforts designed to improve services and opportunities for children that will reduce child poverty, including expanding access to high-quality education, healthcare, economic security, and safe and thriving environments.
The Policy Analyst will staff the Children’s Cabinet and Children’s Cabinet working groups and engage in extensive outreach and research around policy areas in their portfolio. The Policy Analyst will also support senior leadership in any engagements relating to the analyst’s portfolio, and will manage special projects as needed. This is a hybrid position and requires flexibility to report to locations in Annapolis, Baltimore, and other areas of the state as needed.
Responsibilities
Engage in research and policy development
Work with subject matter experts working on child well-being, education and health, including local community members, parents and youth across the state
Conduct research and develop policy proposals based on the GOC priorities
Draft or support drafting of high quality memos to the Special Secretary and the Governor on policy issues under the GOC portfolio
Manage and respond to issues within the Special Secretary’s portfolio
Project manage various workstreams or rapid turnaround requests as assigned by the Special Secretary
Develop effective communication materials related to the Children’s Cabinet, ENOUGH Act, and the Governor’s Office for Children’s policy priorities
Support administrative functions of the Governor’s Office For Children
Assists with special projects including events
Qualifications
A bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university
At least 2 years of experience in public policy, preferably in a government orpolitical setting
Strong organizational and time management skills with the ability to prioritize tasks and meet deadlines
Excellent written and verbal communication skills
Ability to analyze and interpret data
Strong attention to detail and accuracy
Ability to work independently and as part of a team
Strong people-management skills
Ability to maintain confidentiality and discretion in all matters
Flexibility to work outside of regular business hours, as needed